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Telugu and Urdu Basics for Telangana Exams

Common Telugu grammar areas (sandhi, samasam, synonyms), key Telugu literature facts linked to Telangana, the place of Urdu as second official language, and a strategy for language questions.

Lessons in this module

1

Telugu Grammar Areas: సంధులు, సమాసాలు, పర్యాయపదాలు

Lesson • 5 quiz questions

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2

Telugu Literature, Urdu and Strategy for Language Questions

Lesson • 5 quiz questions

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Lesson notes

1. Telugu Grammar Areas: సంధులు, సమాసాలు, పర్యాయపదాలు

Telugu grammar questions appear in exams such as the Telangana Teacher Eligibility Test, teacher and gurukul recruitment, and some other state exams. Even in general studies papers, a basic knowledge of Telugu helps with literature and culture questions. This lesson covers the areas asked most often, with simple examples.

సంధులు (Sandhi: joining of words)

  • Sandhi means joining two words so that sounds change at the joint. Telugu grammar has Sanskrit sandhis and Telugu (native) sandhis.
  • సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధి (Savarnadeergha): two similar vowels become one long vowel. Example: విద్య + అర్థి = విద్యార్థి; రవి + ఇంద్రుడు = రవీంద్రుడు.
  • గుణ సంధి (Guna): అ/ఆ followed by ఇ, ఉ or ఋ becomes ఏ, ఓ or అర్. Example: దేవ + ఇంద్రుడు = దేవేంద్రుడు; మహా + ఋషి = మహర్షి.
  • వృద్ధి సంధి (Vriddhi): అ/ఆ followed by ఏ/ఐ becomes ఐ, and by ఓ/ఔ becomes ఔ. Example: ఏక + ఏక = ఏకైక.
  • యణాదేశ సంధి (Yanadesa): ఇ, ఉ or ఋ followed by a different vowel becomes య, వ or ర. Example: అతి + అంతం = అత్యంతం.
  • Telugu sandhis include అత్వ సంధి (రామ + అయ్య = రామయ్య), ఇత్వ సంధి (ఏమి + అంటివి = ఏమంటివి) and ఉత్వ సంధి (రాముడు + అతడు = రాముడతడు).

సమాసాలు (Samasam: compound words)

  • A samasam joins two or more words into one compound word. Its meaning is explained by a phrase called vigraha vakyam.
  • ద్వంద్వ సమాసం (Dvandva): both words are equally important. Example: తల్లిదండ్రులు = తల్లియును తండ్రియును.
  • ద్విగు సమాసం (Dvigu): the first word is a number. Example: ముల్లోకాలు = మూడు లోకముల సమాహారం.
  • బహువ్రీహి సమాసం (Bahuvreehi): the compound points to some other person or thing. Example: చక్రపాణి = చక్రము పాణియందు గలవాడు (Vishnu).
  • కర్మధారయ సమాసం (Karmadharaya): an adjective and a noun. Example: నల్లకలువ = నల్లనైన కలువ.
  • తత్పురుష సమాసం (Tatpurusha): the second word is the main one. Example: రాజభటుడు = రాజు యొక్క భటుడు (షష్ఠీ తత్పురుష).

పర్యాయపదాలు and related word questions

  • పర్యాయపదాలు (synonyms) are words with the same meaning. Example: సూర్యుడు = భానుడు, రవి, దినకరుడు, ఆదిత్యుడు.
  • More synonyms: నీరు = జలం, ఉదకం, సలిలం; తల్లి = అమ్మ, జనని, మాత.
  • నానార్థాలు are one word with many meanings. Example: హరి can mean Vishnu, a lion or a monkey, depending on context.
  • ప్రకృతి-వికృతి pairs show a Sanskrit form and its Telugu form. Examples: విద్య - విద్దె; రాత్రి - రాతిరి; భక్తి - బత్తి.
  • జాతీయాలు (idioms) and సామెతలు (proverbs) are also asked. Learn their meaning, not just the words.
Quick facts
సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధి
విద్య + అర్థి = విద్యార్థి
గుణ సంధి
దేవ + ఇంద్రుడు = దేవేంద్రుడు
వృద్ధి సంధి
ఏక + ఏక = ఏకైక
యణాదేశ సంధి
అతి + అంతం = అత్యంతం
ద్విగు సమాసం
First word is a number: ముల్లోకాలు
బహువ్రీహి సమాసం
Points to another: చక్రపాణి (Vishnu)
ద్వంద్వ సమాసం
Both words equal: తల్లిదండ్రులు

💡 For sandhi questions, split the word at the joint and look at the two vowels that meet. The vowel pair usually tells you the sandhi name at once.

📝 5-question quiz on this lesson: enrol free to take it and track your score.

2. Telugu Literature, Urdu and Strategy for Language Questions

Telangana exams ask about Telugu and Urdu writers, awards and the official languages of the state. This lesson collects the key facts and gives a simple strategy for language questions.

Telugu Jnanpith winners and great poets

  • Three Telugu writers have won the Jnanpith Award: Viswanatha Satyanarayana (1970, for Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu), C. Narayana Reddy (1988, for Vishwambhara) and Ravuri Bharadwaja (2012, for Paakudu Raallu).
  • C. Narayana Reddy (CiNaRe) was born in Hanumajipet in the old Karimnagar district (now Rajanna Sircilla). He was also a film lyricist and a Rajya Sabha member.
  • Bammera Potana wrote the Andhra Maha Bhagavatamu. Palkuriki Somanatha wrote the Basava Puranamu. Gona Budda Reddy wrote the Ranganatha Ramayanamu in the dwipada metre.
  • Kaloji Narayana Rao wrote 'Naa Godava'. The health university in Warangal is named after him: Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences.
  • Dasarathi Krishnamacharyulu wrote 'Agnidhara' and received the Kendra Sahitya Akademi award for 'Timiramto Samaram'.

Urdu in Telangana

  • Telugu is the first official language of Telangana. In November 2017 the Assembly passed an amendment making Urdu the second official language across the state.
  • Dakhni (Deccani) Urdu grew in the courts of the Bahmani and Qutb Shahi kingdoms. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah is famous as an early Dakhni poet.
  • Osmania University (1918) was among the first modern universities in India to teach higher education in an Indian language, Urdu.
  • Makhdoom Mohiuddin was a noted Urdu poet and a leader of the Telangana armed struggle.
  • Many TGPSC question papers are printed in English and Telugu, and often also in Urdu; the notification for each exam states the medium.

Strategy for language questions

  • Learn grammar through examples, not long definitions. Write 5 examples for each sandhi and samasam.
  • Make a list of writers with their works, awards and home districts. Exams like to match poet and book.
  • Read a short Telugu newspaper article daily to improve vocabulary and comprehension.
  • If you take the exam in English, read Telugu names of places, festivals and schemes carefully, as they may appear in transliterated form.
  • Practise previous papers to see which language topics repeat.
Quick facts
Jnanpith 1970
Viswanatha Satyanarayana, Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu
Jnanpith 1988
C. Narayana Reddy, Vishwambhara
Jnanpith 2012
Ravuri Bharadwaja, Paakudu Raallu
Andhra Maha Bhagavatamu
Bammera Potana
Agnidhara
Dasarathi Krishnamacharyulu
Second official language
Urdu (state-wide, amendment of 2017)
Makhdoom Mohiuddin
Urdu poet, armed struggle leader

💡 Make flashcards with the poet's name on one side and the book, award and district on the other. Revise them in short bursts.

📝 5-question quiz on this lesson: enrol free to take it and track your score.

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