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FREE PREVIEW Week 7-8 2 lessons

Marathi Basics for MPSC

Key areas of Marathi grammar asked in MPSC papers (sandhi, samas, alankar, phrases, proverbs, synonyms and antonyms) and important facts on Marathi literature, saints and awards.

Lessons in this module

1

Marathi Grammar Essentials

Lesson • 5 quiz questions

Read notes ↓
2

Marathi Literature, Saints and Awards

Lesson • 5 quiz questions

Read notes ↓

Lesson notes

1. Marathi Grammar Essentials

Marathi is a major part of Paper 1 of the MPSC main exams. Most questions come from a few grammar areas. This lesson explains them with simple examples. Practise them daily from a standard Marathi grammar book.

शब्दजाती, संधी and समास

  • Marathi has eight word classes (शब्दजाती): नाम, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रियापद, क्रियाविशेषण, शब्दयोगी अव्यय, उभयान्वयी अव्यय and केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय.
  • संधी (joining of sounds) has three types. स्वरसंधी: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय; सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय.
  • व्यंजनसंधी: सत् + जन = सज्जन. विसर्गसंधी: मनः + रथ = मनोरथ; दुः + आचार = दुराचार.
  • समास (compound words), main types: अव्ययीभाव (प्रतिदिन, आजन्म), तत्पुरुष (राजवाडा = राजाचा वाडा), द्वंद्व (आईवडील) and बहुव्रीही (लंबोदर = लांब आहे उदर ज्याचे असा, म्हणजे गणपती).
  • कर्मधारय (महाराष्ट्र = महान असे राष्ट्र) and द्विगू (पंचवटी, त्रिभुवन) are treated as kinds of तत्पुरुष.

अलंकार (figures of speech)

  • शब्दालंकार depend on sound, for example अनुप्रास (repetition of the same letter) and यमक.
  • अर्थालंकार depend on meaning. उपमा uses comparison words such as सारखा, जसा, सम: 'मुख चंद्रासारखे सुंदर आहे'.
  • उत्प्रेक्षा imagines one thing to be another, using words such as जणू: 'ती जणू चांदणीच भासते'.
  • रूपक treats two things as one, without a comparison word: 'मुखचंद्र'.

वाक्प्रचार, म्हणी, समानार्थी and विरुद्धार्थी शब्द

  • वाक्प्रचार (idioms): तोंडाला पाणी सुटणे = to feel a strong wish to eat; पाठ थोपटणे = to praise or encourage; कानावर हात ठेवणे = to claim not to know.
  • म्हणी (proverbs): थेंबे थेंबे तळे साचे = small savings add up; नाचता येईना अंगण वाकडे = blaming others for one's own lack of skill; दुरून डोंगर साजरे = things look nice only from a distance.
  • समानार्थी शब्द (synonyms): सूर्य = रवी, भास्कर, दिनकर; पाणी = जल, नीर; आई = माता, जननी.
  • विरुद्धार्थी शब्द (antonyms): उदय x अस्त; सुख x दुःख; आशा x निराशा; स्वस्त x महाग.
  • Questions often ask for the correct meaning of a phrase, the odd word out, or the correct spelling (शुद्धलेखन).
Quick facts
शब्दजाती
8 word classes
स्वरसंधी
सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय
विसर्गसंधी
मनः + रथ = मनोरथ
द्वंद्व समास
आईवडील
बहुव्रीही समास
लंबोदर (गणपती)
उपमा
Comparison word such as सारखा
उत्प्रेक्षा
Uses जणू

💡 Write ten new म्हणी and वाक्प्रचार with meanings in a notebook every week and read them aloud. These are easy marks in Paper 1.

📝 5-question quiz on this lesson: enrol free to take it and track your score.

2. Marathi Literature, Saints and Awards

MPSC papers ask about Marathi saints, famous books and their authors, and Jnanpith winners. This lesson gives the most important facts and a simple plan for the Marathi paper.

Saints and early literature

  • Mukundraj's 'Vivekasindhu' is often called the first Marathi poetic work. 'Lilacharitra' by Mhaimbhat, about Chakradhar Swami of the Mahanubhav sect, is an early Marathi prose work.
  • Sant Dnyaneshwar wrote the Dnyaneshwari (Bhavarthadipika), a Marathi commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, in 1290 at Nevasa. He also wrote 'Amrutanubhav'.
  • Sant Namdev, Sant Eknath ('Eknathi Bhagwat', bharud) and Sant Tukaram (abhangas collected in the 'Gatha'; from Dehu) belong to the Varkari tradition of Pandharpur's Vitthal.
  • Samarth Ramdas wrote 'Dasbodh' and 'Manache Shlok'.
  • Keshavsut is called the father of modern Marathi poetry ('Tutari'). Sane Guruji wrote 'Shyamchi Aai'.

Jnanpith and other honours

  • Four Marathi writers have won the Jnanpith Award: V. S. Khandekar (1974, for 'Yayati'), Kusumagraj (V. V. Shirwadkar, 1987), Vinda Karandikar (2003) and Bhalchandra Nemade (2014).
  • Kusumagraj wrote 'Vishakha' and the play 'Natsamrat'. His birthday, 27 February, is observed as Marathi Bhasha Gaurav Din.
  • Bhalchandra Nemade is known for the novels 'Kosla' and 'Hindu'.
  • Other famous works: 'Mrityunjay' (Shivaji Sawant), 'Swami' (Ranjit Desai), 'Panipat' (Vishwas Patil) and humour by P. L. Deshpande.
  • Marathi got classical language status on 3 October 2024, along with Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali. 1 May (Maharashtra Day) is also Marathi Rajbhasha Din.

Strategy for the Marathi paper

  • Grammar questions are predictable: learn संधी, समास, अलंकार, प्रयोग, काळ and शुद्धलेखन rules one by one.
  • Read a Marathi newspaper editorial daily to improve vocabulary and reading speed.
  • Keep a list of authors and books, saints and their works, and award winners.
  • Solve the Marathi sections of old MPSC main papers; similar questions repeat.
  • If Marathi is not your first language, start early and practise every day; the paper is at Class 12 level.
Quick facts
Dnyaneshwari
Sant Dnyaneshwar, 1290, Nevasa
Tukaram Gatha
Sant Tukaram, Dehu
Dasbodh
Samarth Ramdas
Marathi Jnanpith winners
Khandekar 1974, Kusumagraj 1987, Karandikar 2003, Nemade 2014
Marathi Bhasha Gaurav Din
27 February (Kusumagraj's birthday)
Classical language status
3 October 2024
Father of modern Marathi poetry
Keshavsut

💡 Remember the Jnanpith order by the first letters K-K-K-N: Khandekar, Kusumagraj, Karandikar, Nemade.

📝 5-question quiz on this lesson: enrol free to take it and track your score.

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